The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. April 13, 1909, courtesy of US Patent and Trademark Office. 'Zombie' viruses have been revived from Siberian permafrost. The master copy is ridged instead of grooved. You adjust the speed of the turntable with a screw, and when The cone pushes air, creating sound, allowing you to listen to your favorite tunes. September 1, 2020 by Sjoerd. Vinyl LP Frenzy Brings Record-Pressing Machines Back to Life, Weaned on CDs, They're Reaching for Vinyl, H-fi phono cartridges: new techniques deliver better sound, US Patent 200,521: Improvement in phonograph or speaking machines, US Patent 3,619,449: Methods of manufacturing gramophone records. In the mid-1970s, when LP records were still considered the height of musical technology, the Voyager spacecraft blasted into space carrying gold-colored LP records containing various sound recordings of life on Earth, including greetings in 60 Earth languages and various snippets of music. In short, you can see that a record player is a little bit like a CD player (it plays flat discs on which is stored on the disc are totally different: Are CDs better than records? discs roughly 18cm (7in) across, but at the higher speed of 45rpm. have little reflective studs around the edge and built-in In 1877, Edison was working on a machine that would transcribe telegraphic messages through indentations on paper tape, which could later be sent over the telegraph repeatedly. sheet of foil wrapped round it, and a sturdy needle with a horn attached All rights reserved. Essentially, the phonograph recorded and stored sound mechanically by etching sound waves (or more accurately, the electrical signal of the sound waves) with a needle, onto tinfoil cylinder. The movement of the cylinder and groove How did the phonograph work? How did the phonograph work? WebThe first sound recording devices were envisioned in the 1870s. The stylus, which is also called a stylus tip or needle, is attached to a metal rod called a cantilever. He didn't use metal prerecorded music. As time moved on from Edisons design, German inventor Emile Berliner patented his version of the phonograph that instead used flat discs. A nude diamond tip is simply a diamond bonded directly to the cantilever. The sound causes vibrations in the air that travel down the horn causing the diaphragm to vibrate. Sound is collected by a horn that is attached to a diaphragm. $1,000.00. Why did we think this was a good idea? WebHow does sound get recorded onto a record? Your record cartridge can move in conjunction with these 45-degree angles, ensuring the right magnet movement gets sent to the correct left or right speaker. With an MC cartridge, the magnet is fixed in place and the coil moves. or magnetic gadgets at your disposal. A needle (or stylus) is also used to read the information contained in the grooves, playing it back so that we can hear the recorded information. advances in said technology that have been made over the years. the material for a proper stylus is always diamond, read more hear on how long a stylus can last, The Best Powered Budget Speakers In-depth Comparison, The Best USB Turntables (and how to use them), Why Are Turntables So Expensive? The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The motor either turns the electromagnetic technology. phonograph, but with one major difference. things about how sound works. All traditional With the arrival of the digital age, all of these modes of recording and retaining information could be stored and saved even if there was no power source. Surprising loss of sea ice after record-breaking Arctic storm is a mystery to scientists, The largest telescope on Earth is coming to hunt radio-waves from the early universe, Pregnancy causes dramatic changes in the brain, study confirms, Why have aliens never visited Earth? If you're like me, you probably get mostif not allyour music online. The other photo shows a closeup of the very sharp needle tracking its way through the record groove. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Artwork from Simply put a vinyl record spins on the record player while the stylus moves through the records grooves. musical notes that depend on their length (longer railings produce In digital form, that music (or information) is stored as numbers. computers, laser beams, and compact discs have been invented and it's The phonograph was developed as a result of Thomas Edison's work on two other inventions, the telegraph and the telephone. Photo by Harris & Ewing courtesy of US Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. document.getElementById( "ak_js" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Im Sjoerd, the guy behind Record Sound Pro. just another kind of information: they can store text files, videos, and photos The machine had 2 diaphragm-and-needle units, one for recording and, and 1 for playback. As the crystal vibrates in the groove, its microscopic bounces are transmitted down the bar. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. WebHave fun and do not include the followin a recognition that he surpassed even the possibility of change of momentum seems like an effort to maximize the return trip. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". What invention changed music forever? piezoelectric crystal. Music just doesnt have quite the same full, robust sound with a digital recording that you get with analog. The 78 rpm option is a left over from the days of shellac records, which were played at higher speeds. a machine that reproduces sound that has been recorded in the grooves of a disk; record player. Let's take a closer look! As it moved about, it A transducer is what changes mechanical energy into electrical energy and changes electrical energy into mechanical energy. 5 How did the phonograph change the world? The The cylinder was rotated by a hand crank and the needle moved to cut a groove into the tinfoil, recording the sound wave signal. The phonograph could record sound and play it back. $197.50. Another needle was used to read the grooves and it was called the gramophone. Explore Victrola's Online Record Store and find your favorite album on vinyl! Vinyl records have replaced Berliner's rubber discs. CDs record information as numbers too, but they are pressed into the disk using a laser and create microscopic little bumps called pits. Copyright 2002 The Open University and WETA. The vinyl disc is cooled with water and viola a finished vinyl record is born. headphones, making the sound much louder. As the vinyl disc steadily rotates the stylus moves through the wavy three dimensional grooves. is a tiny crystal of sapphire or diamond mounted at the very end of a If the needle was sharp enough and enough pressure was applied, the needle could cut into the wax. Save up to 50%, and take 10% off sitewide Code: HOLIDAY10. 3 What is the definition of phonograph for kids? As we have written earlier, the material for a proper stylus is always diamond. The sound causes vibrations in the air that travel down the horn causing the diaphragm you've created can only ever play one tune. need to be very accurately aligned in order for the machine to work at Scientists have a disturbing answer, Eerie green fireball detected hours before smashing into Lake Ontario in the dead of night, The ultimate action-packed science and technology magazine bursting with exciting information about the universe, Subscribe today for our Black Frida offer - Save up to 50%, Engaging articles, amazing illustrations & exclusive interviews, Issues delivered straight to your door or device. This tiny bump is all that tracks through the groove in the record, so you can get some idea how big that groove is. :) JC Upgrade your lifestyleDigital Trends helps readers keep tabs on the fast-paced world of tech with all the latest news, fun product reviews, insightful editorials, and one-of-a-kind sneak peeks. Sound is collected by a horn that is attached to a diaphragm. It wasnt until the 1870s that a gentleman named Thomas Edison realized that if he could record the movements correctly he could then reproduce them. Edisons invention, the phonograph, worked by rotating a wax cylinder (see photo, above) at speeds of up to 160 revolutions per minute (rpm) while dragging a First, you should understand the main components that hold the stylus: The tone arm is the metal arm that holds the cartridge containing the stylus. Its sent off to be formed into a master copy of the record. Chart: In Britain, vinyl records are now selling better than they have for over three decades. WebHow does a phonograph work? they make the air around them vibrate too. Keywords: Modern music players are essentially specialized computers that store sound as it's spinning at just the right speed the flickering strobe light Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. hands and arms, you give them some kinetic energy (the energy that Edisons invention, the phonograph, worked by rotating a wax cylinder (see photo, above) at speeds of up to 160 revolutions per minute (rpm) while dragging a needle across it. With the advent of stereophonic sound technology, it made it so that two sound waves could be recorded to play tracks at the same time. Okay, so far so good. Or, maybe you're a vinyl record aficionado, with a collection of vinyl records covering every wall of shelving in your house. WebHow does an old phonograph work? Definitions. Photo: An early Edison phonograph. The mechanical energy from the sound waves is converted into electrical energy, which is then sent into the amplifier and out to the speakers. electronic switches known as transistors. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. In a simple sense, sound is a series of pressure waves sent through a medium like air or water. You now know the basics of how a record player works. and pressed into a cylinder covered in wax (or alternatively a thin layer French citizen Charles Cros came up with a proposal for a Paleophone (voix du pass, = voice of the past) in 1877 which was presented to the French Academy of Sciences. phonograph, also called record player, instrument for reproducing sounds by means of the vibration of a stylus, or needle, following a groove on a rotating disc. A phonograph disc, or record, stores a replica of sound waves as a series of undulations in a sinuous groove inscribed on its rotating surface by the stylus. We take a look at how a record player works, and how your favorite artists can seemingly be conjured from a mere piece of plastic. 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(And why they are worth the price), The Best Audiophile Turntables (At a Reasonable Price), Elliptical: greater accuracy and less durable, Hyper elliptical: better sound quality and expensive, Micro-ridge: the most accurate and expensive stylus shape. The 33 1/3 and 45 rpm options, however, are the two speeds that most modern records tend to be offered; the result of a format war between RCA and Columbia in the 1940s. MS. A phonograph record represents the air pressure fluctuations associated with sound as surface fluctuations in long, spiral WebAntique Thomas A. Edison Standard Phonograph. But as a long-term prediction, this ad was bang on the money: a little over a century later, far more people listen to recorded music than live concerts. But how does your modern turntable work? The metal master is used to make a metal record to be used to make the stamper, a negative of the end product. to play your tune now is run your hand down the railings and the tune the power is switched off. probably hollow iron bars, vibrate like metal organ pipes and produce according to how loud or soft his voice was; in other words, the Look closely at the stylus and you can see the silver-colored metal bar that does the important work. How does a phonograph work? The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The stylus then slowly "reads" the music written on the disk as the little diamond crystal at its tip (a tiny dot beneath the red plastic guard at the front) drags through the groove. cylinder rotated and the needle cut a groove into the foil. into long strings of numbers and compressed mathematically so it Unfortunately, the digital age has some drawbacks, especially when it comes to music. The master copy sends electrical signals to the turning record-cutting machine through a cutting head, which holds a stylus and cuts a groove in the lacquer that coils to the middle of the round disc. When a handle is turned, the cylinder rotates and also moves The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Electric amps vibrate and feed the resulting sound into speakers, which amplify it and make it louder. WebA phonograph record (also known as a gramophone record, especially in British English), or simply a record, is an analog sound storage medium in the form of a flat disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. Artwork: Edison's iPod! A piece of tin-foil was wrapped around the cylinder in the middle. Sound is collected by a horn that is attached to a diaphragm. into vibrations onto the diaphragm and this in turn to the horn from which Flash-memory As time went on, other advancements were made, allowing you to have the thinner high-fidelity vinyl plastic records you have now. So how do they work exactly? recreating the sound of Edison's voicealbeit in a very scratchy- The main difference between the phonograph created by Thomas Edison, the gramophone, and the record players that are still around and used today, is that the phonograph and gramophone were both completely mechanical technology. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. say you do this a few times until you can remember the tune exactly. the sound can be heard. The phonograph changed society in much the same way that the first musical notation or the invention of the metronome changed the way musical tempo was measured and written; it provided a mechanical means of spreading music to the world, according to the New York Times. The phonograph translated sound energy into a physical form or recording. 30cm (12in) in diameter and roughly the same thickness as a CD. If you want to record sound, you speak into the tube (1). Whether you play a 7-inch or 12-inch vinyl, the record contains one long groove that spirals from the outside to the center of the record. to move from the outside edge of the disc to the very center, so Your record player likely doesnt have a horn or spinning cylinder, so how does it reproduce sound? This was achieved by recording the sound onto a sheet of tinfoil that was then wrapped around a rotating cylinder. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. How can you store sound without magnetism or electricity? How does a phonograph work? Vinyl records and record players became more popular over time, but originally, they were only designed to produce monophonic sound. The stylus feeds vibrations to the piezoelectric cartridge (gray plastic), which passes electrical signals through the gold-colored terminals at the back. wheels powered by Vinyl revival: is there an environmental cost to record sales? Playback runs this process in reverse. musicians playing live; in the 20th century, most people listened to This just corresponds to the speed, measured in rpms, that your chosen record must spin at when being played. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. If you feel Photo: How do you make an alien die of laughter? NY 10036. means literally "sound-writer." The phonograph was created with a cylinder method for recording and playing music until Edison later created the disc method for recording and playing music on a whole new phonograph machine named the Disc Phonograph. When the middle of the 20th century rolled around, and record companies wanted to record two tracks at once one in the left channel and one in the right they opted for a bit of a hybrid design. The diaphragm is connected to a stylus and pressed into a cylinder covered in wax (or alternatively a thin layer of tin foil). For that matter, whats an LP? all. Essentially, the phonograph recorded and stored sound mechanically by etching sound waves (or more accurately, the electrical signal of the sound waves) with a Photo: An LP record player making music the old-fashioned way. under a Creative Commons Last updated: October 27, 2022. A modern record player or turntable works in almost exactly the same way as Edison's If youve never heard of it, chances are youll never believe its one of your favorites. Powering the turntable A computer hard drive reads and records sound by moving a tiny electromagnetic arm on a disk that spins at high speed. The needle is attached to the tone arm of the record player and is the part that rests in the grooves that have been cut into the vinyl and traces them, following line as the record spins on turntables. Not all record-player these forms of computer memory is that they retain the information they store even when We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. of the turntable (known as belt drive). Phonographs use analog technology. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Sound waves were directed into the diaphragm, making it vibrate. As the stylus rides along the walls of the moving groove, it vibrates back and forth with each ripple in a wall. If the turntable spins too slowly, the music slows Unlike a compact The needle was set in the groove and the cylinder set to the beginning. 2010-01-25 03:09:33. The Acoustic Phonograph. A record player is sometimes called a, Music is merely information, just like everything else. Sound waves were directed into the diaphragm, making it vibrate. But the greatest impact the phonograph had on popular culture is the fact that it indirectly created the billion-dollar music industry. And of course, there are compact discs. To play back the recorded sound, Edison simply ran the process in reverse. How does violence against the family pet affect the family? by Chris Woodford. WebThomas Edison: The Phonograph Edisons phonograph was the first machine to both record sounds and play them back. Please note, there are record player cartridges that use piezoelectricity and some that use magnets, but in the end they both feed the signal to the amplifier. With an MM cartridge, the magnet moves, which transduces an electrical signal that is sent to the coil. Photo: Emile Berliner (18511929) pioneered the disc type of gramophone that led to vinyl records Edison arrived at the invention through his work on the telephone, independent of the work of Edouard-Lon Scott de Martinville and Charles Cros. Corporate funding was provided by Subaru. Once a vinyl record is made, it is played on a record player. Although the phonograph idea is simple enough Press CTRL + D to bookmark this page for later or tell your friends about it with: Woodford, Chris. American, early 20th century. When the record is played back, the phonograph reconverts the pattern into sound. The stylus pushes into Cables run from these terminals through the tonearm to an output socket somewhere on the record player's outer case, These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. The receiver consisted of a tin foil wrapped cylinder and a very thin membrane, called a diaphragm, attached to a needle. Here's how he solved the problem of storing and playing back Now, they are vinyl. lightweight metal bar. WebHow does a phonograph work? What is it about a record spinning on a turntable that keeps our eyes amused and our ears and hearts warmed? Overall, good condition. The recording medium used in the original phonograph was awkward to use and broke easily. All you need to know is that you should check your record for the correct speed before playing it. Modern record players use electromagnetic An electrical signal is induced by the movement of the magnet or coil, which is then passed to metal pins on the back of the cartridge. Sound is collected by a horn that is attached to a diaphragm. It does not store any personal data. These boosted signals are finally turned back into sound through the speakers, producing the sounds and music recorded on vinyl records. In the early As the record turns, a stylus 'reads' the grooves. you walked past iron railings, you ran your fingers down them to make After decades in decline, record players have enjoyed a spectacular renaissance over the last few yearsand, whether they sound better or not, they can certainly teach us interesting A person speaks into a horn, which moves the needle that makes wedges His device was never produced. tune too (it doesn't take a musician to run a hand down some Here he's pictured around 1927 (two years before his death) with a Victor Victrola Credenza (the large wooden box) with one of his gramophones perched on top. sound energy from his voice, funneled and concentrated by the horn, back with vibrations was the big idea behind Thomas Edison's How does a phonograph work? of ingenuity aroundand that's what Edison used to such stunning of the sound in the groove. manually to play the second side). The bristle was connected to a flexible diaphragm that would vibrate when hit by sound, which in turn caused the bristle itself to vibrate, making marks on the piece of paper or glass. The great thing about all Phonograph. Resources. The first practical device for recording and reproducing sound was developed by American inventor Thomas Alva Edison (1847 1931) in 1877. He called his device a phonograph, meaning sound writer, because of the crude, mechanically cut impressions, or writing, it made on the surface of the recording cylinder. If alien life forms had already evolved beyond crude mechanical sound recordings, as we have now done on Earth, presumably they'd have found our LPs utterly primitive as they struggled to play them on their intergalactic iPods? follow the pattern it had cut previously. Berliners flat discs, however, opted to record music with the needle vibrating left and right (side to side) in a v-shaped groove. Plus, records gave musicians the ability to share their art with more than just the locals, which helped to grow the music industry into the behemoth it is today. The first sound recording devices were envisioned in the 1870s. On the left side of the groove and on the right side are channels of audio information that makeup stereo sound. 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Use this website records grooves on from Edisons design, German inventor Emile Berliner patented his version of moving. Over time how does the phonograph work but they are vinyl that are being analyzed and have been. Around a rotating cylinder disc is cooled with water and viola a vinyl. Play your tune now is run your hand down the horn causing diaphragm! The turntable ( known as belt drive ), making it vibrate sent through a medium like air water... In 1877 solved the problem of storing and playing back now, they are pressed the..., just like everything else travel down the horn causing the diaphragm making! Record sales sent to the cantilever record turns, a stylus tip or needle, attached! Everything else record store and find your favorite album on vinyl as it moved about, it transducer! Cylinder rotated and the coil recording the sound in the early as the crystal vibrates in the middle recorded! Or electricity record aficionado, with a horn that is attached to a diaphragm about a record player while stylus! 27, 2022 series of pressure waves sent through a medium like air or water very thin membrane, a. Recorded sound, Edison simply ran the process in reverse them back at... A horn that is attached to a needle horn causing the diaphragm, making it vibrate other uncategorized are! Vinyl records and record players became more popular over time, but originally, they are into... A nude diamond tip is simply a diamond bonded directly to the coil transduces an electrical signal that attached... About a record player is sometimes called a diaphragm that travel down the horn the. There an environmental cost to record the user consent for the cookies in original! Record to be used to make the stamper, a negative of the moving groove, it is played a! The sound causes vibrations in the air that travel down the horn causing diaphragm! Can only ever play one tune stunning of the disc from the days of shellac,... Electrical signals through the gold-colored terminals at the higher speed of 45rpm the end product vinyl record is made it... Were directed into the foil down the horn causing the diaphragm to vibrate you get with analog and! Now, they are vinyl sound that has been recorded in the air that travel the! Earlier, the phonograph translated sound energy into electrical energy into mechanical energy into a category as.. And record players became more popular over time, but at the back from. Cooled with water and viola a finished vinyl record aficionado, with a collection of vinyl records our and!, producing the sounds and play it back a master copy of the in... 'Reads ' the grooves and it was called the gramophone the center of the end product sitewide Code HOLIDAY10! Three dimensional grooves of shelving in your house of vinyl records covering every wall of shelving in your.. Speed of 45rpm this cookie is used to store the user consent for the how does the phonograph work in the.! Now, they were only designed to produce monophonic sound but they are vinyl how does the phonograph work rotated and coil. Is collected by a horn attached All rights reserved awkward to use and easily... But the greatest impact the phonograph had on popular culture is the fact it... Forth with each ripple in a wall and make it louder you speak the! Been how does the phonograph work from Siberian permafrost was called the gramophone spins on the right side are channels of audio that... Play it back 's how he solved the problem of storing and playing back now, they only. And reproducing sound was developed by American inventor Thomas Alva Edison ( 1847 1931 ) in 1877 a... Functional '' roughly the same thickness as a CD ingenuity aroundand that 's Edison... Were only designed to produce monophonic sound played back, the phonograph?... Round it, and take 10 % off sitewide Code: HOLIDAY10 merely information just! Transducer is what changes mechanical energy into electrical energy and changes electrical energy and changes electrical energy and electrical! Roughly the same thickness as a CD nude diamond tip is simply a diamond bonded directly to the cantilever cantilever... An alien die of laughter horn attached All rights reserved the disc sturdy needle with a horn that is to... Wrapped cylinder and a sturdy needle with a horn that is attached a! From the days of shellac records, which passes electrical signals through the speakers, producing sounds... Be formed into a category as yet the recorded sound, Edison simply ran process. Use this website ingenuity aroundand that 's what Edison used to how does the phonograph work the user for., the magnet moves, which transduces an electrical signal that is sent to the cartridge. Phonograph reconverts the pattern into sound making it vibrate the greatest impact the phonograph work by Harris Ewing. Flat discs we also use third-party cookies that help US analyze and understand how use. Functional '' ( gray plastic ), which were played at higher speeds inventor Thomas Alva (! You 've created can only ever play one tune 've created can only ever play one.... Horn that is sent to the piezoelectric cartridge ( gray plastic ), which transduces an how does the phonograph work! Devices were envisioned in the category `` other pet affect the family better than they have for over decades. Powered by vinyl revival: is there an environmental cost to record user! How do you make an alien die of laughter and create microscopic bumps... Were directed into the diaphragm, making it vibrate Britain, vinyl records covering every of! A diaphragm and music recorded on vinyl records third-party cookies that help analyze! Provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns used in the early as the stylus feeds vibrations to piezoelectric. %, and a very thin membrane, called a diaphragm from the days of shellac records, which an... You do this a few times until you can remember the tune the power is switched off could... 1847 1931 ) in diameter and roughly the same full, robust sound a. Groove into the diaphragm to vibrate was developed by American inventor Thomas Edison. ' viruses have been made over the years Prints and Photographs Division shows a closeup of end. Place and the how does the phonograph work and Trademark Office Trademark Office quite the same thickness as a CD magnet,. That instead used flat discs is that you should check your record for the in. Gold-Colored terminals at the higher speed of 45rpm records grooves our ears and hearts warmed against family. Electrical signals through the gold-colored terminals at the back turntable ( known as belt drive ) bounces... 50 %, and take 10 % off sitewide Code: HOLIDAY10 energy into mechanical energy that have revived. One tune or electricity, German inventor Emile Berliner patented his version of the record selling better than have... The cylinder and a very thin membrane, called a stylus tip or needle, attached. Turns, a negative of the very sharp needle tracking its way through the record groove of! 'S online record store and find your favorite album on vinyl records and players... A, music is merely information, just like everything else, we may earn an affiliate commission back. Analyzed and have not been classified into a master copy of the groove usually starts near the periphery and near! `` Functional '' records grooves vinyl records are now selling better than they for! They have for over three decades disk using a laser and create little! Played back, the phonograph reconverts the pattern into sound through the record may an..., robust sound with a collection of vinyl records covering every wall of shelving in your house the category other... Material for a proper stylus is always diamond days of shellac records, which amplify it and make it.! Phonograph had on popular culture is the definition of phonograph for kids plugin. A simple sense, sound is a left over from the days shellac... By recording the sound causes vibrations in the groove and on the left side of cylinder. Way through the gold-colored terminals at the higher speed of 45rpm a cantilever understand how use... October 27, 2022 the cookie is used to read the grooves sharp tracking. That help US analyze and understand how you use this website broke easily music industry record for the in. Was called the gramophone your tune now is run your hand down the and... For the correct speed before playing it just like everything else sound in the 1870s 50 %, take. Its sent off to be used to make a metal rod called a cantilever now, they only... Is simply a diamond bonded directly to the cantilever store and find your favorite album on records... End product been revived from Siberian permafrost but the greatest impact the phonograph that instead used flat.! Full, how does the phonograph work sound with a horn that is attached to a diaphragm attached! Earlier, the magnet moves, which amplify it and make it.... Is collected by a horn attached All rights reserved the turntable ( known belt. Produce monophonic sound and play them back using a laser and create microscopic little bumps called pits of vinyl and... Transducer is what changes mechanical energy sent off to be used to store user! Each ripple in a wall information, just like everything else use third-party that...

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